NATO Bombed Soviet Submarines with Tiny, Annoying Magnets
by Steve Weintz“Floppy magnets” made enemy subs noisier, easier to hunt — but were too hard to train with
This article originally appeared on Feb. 18, 2014.At the height of the Cold War, the Soviet Union had so many hundreds of deadly submarines at sea that Western war planners willing to try almost any possible countermeasure, however goofy-sounding. Some seemingly crazy ideas proved actually worthwhile, such as the underwater Sound Surveillance System — a vast chain of sea-floor microphones that patiently listened for Soviet subs...and remains in use today. Other less elegant anti-submarine tools survive only as anecdotes. In his book, Hunter Killers (http://amzn.eu/68V51bo), naval writer Iain Ballantyne recalls one of the zanier ideas — air-dropped “floppy-magnets” meant to foul up Soviet undersea boats, making them noisier and easier to detect.
From the late 1940s onwards, captured German technology boosted Soviet postwar submarine design and Soviet shipyards delivered subs good enough — and numerous enough — to pose a huge danger to Western shipping. By the time of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the USSR controlled the largest submarine force in the world — some 300 diesel-electric submarines and a handful of nuclear-powered models. NATO navies couldn’t keep up. “We simply do not have enough forces,” Vice Adm. R.M. Smeeton stated. NATO war planners feared only nuclear escalation could check the Soviet submarine wolf packs. That is, atomic strikes on sub bases along the Russian coast.
But the nuclear solution was worse than the problem. “We can take steps to make sure the enemy is fully aware of where his course of action is leading him without nuclear weapons,” Smeeton said, “but we cannot go to war that way.” Desperate planners sought ways of making Soviet subs easier to hunt. Any technology that could speed up an undersea search was worth considering. “A submarine's best defense is of course stealth, remaining quiet and undetected in the ocean deep,” Ballantyne notes. “Something that could rob the Soviets of that cloak of silence must have seemed irresistible and, at least initially, a stroke of genius.”
A Canadian scientist figured some kind of sticky undersea noisemaker would make a Soviet sub more detectable. He designed a simple hinged cluster of magnets that could attach to a submarine's metal hull. Movement would cause the flopping magnets to bang against the hull like a loose screen door, giving away the sub's location to anyone listening. The simple devices would take time and effort to remove, thus also impairing the Soviet undersea fleets readiness. At least that was the idea.
Godawful racket
In late 1962, the British Admiralty dispatched the A-class diesel submarine HMS Auriga to Nova Scotia for joint anti-submarine training with the Royal Canadian Navy. The British were helping Canada establish a submarine force, so Royal Navy subs routinely exercised with Canadian vessels.. Auriga had just returned to the submarine base at Faslane, Scotland after a combat patrol as part of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Other subs of the joint Canadian-British Submarine Squadron Six at Halifax had also seen action during the crisis.
The 1945-vintage Auriga spent much of her time in Nova Scotia simulating Soviet diesel subs during hazardous under-ice ASW practice with U.S. and Canadian forces. During a typical three-week exercise, Auriga would be subject to the attentions of surface vessels, aircraft, and other subs, including the U.S. Navy's new nuke boats. During one open-ocean exercise, Auriga was given the floppy-magnet treatment. A Canadian patrol plane flew over Auriga’s submerged position and dropped a full load of the widgets into the sea. As weird as it sounded, the magnet concept proved a resounding success. Enough magnets fell on or near Auriga’s hull to stick and flop. Banging and clanking with a godawful racket, the magnets gave sonar operators tracking the sub a field day. Then the trouble started.
As Auriga surfaced at the end of the exercise, the magnets made their way into holes and slots in the sub's outer hull designed to let water flow. “They basically slid down the hull,” Ballantyne says of the magnets, “and remained firmly fixed inside the casing, on top of the ballast tanks, in various nooks and crannies.” The floppy-magnets couldn’t be removed at sea. In fact, they couldn’t be removed at all until the submarine dry-docked back in Halifax weeks later.
In the meantime, one of Her Majesty's submarines was about as stealthy as a mariachi band. No fighting, no training, no nothing until all those floppy little magnets were dug out of her skin at a cost of time, money, and frustration. The magnets worked on the Soviets with the same maddening results. The crews of several Foxtrot class subs were driven bonkers by the noise and returned to port rather than complete their cruises. Now, the Soviet navy could afford to furlough a sub or two, but NATO could not. Anti-submarine crews couldn’t practice with floppy-magnets attached to their exercise targets.
The floppy-magnets worked exactly as intended, but they were simply too messy to train with to be practical on a large scale. It seems NATO deployed them only a few times. The submarine-fouling floppy-magnet turned out to be, well, a flop.
Ian Snow, who did three tours as a TACCO (Air Navigator) on the Sea King offers a post script to this story.
"I first heard about the floppy magnet story when I arrived on 415 (MP) Sqn at CFB Summerside, PEI in early 1967 and also having seen the device in an American museum. The aluminum shell was cigar tube shaped, closed at the nose and open at the back, something like 6 or 7 inches long and 1 or so inches in diameter. Inside was a bar magnet attached to the shell by a U-shaped clamp constructed from a length of heavy wire. Once launched the magnet would slide out of the tube, attach itself to the submarine's hull, leaving the casing to flop back and forth banging on the hull. The story went that a bunch of these 'flow hammers' would be dropped on a MAD mark with the hope that one would attach itself. The storyline at the time had it that it worked under trial conditions but the project was abandoned because of the very low probability that under operational conditions the likelihood of a successful attachment was too low".
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Jul 12/17